THE DEPENDENCE OF INDEPENDENCE

The sovereigntist that flag Artur Mas intends clog two disastrous years of legislature that only served to reduce the welfare state of Catalan citizens and to bring the total to the economic paralysis Catalan in Catalonia today But all promises that led him to victory in 2010 have led to more resounding failures, everything promised is fulfilled all the elimination of the estate tax something that demanded the wealthy classes of Catalonia that vote, other than there is nothing more than empty promises and a government pact with the Spanish right which has competed with so fierce in escalating cuts and tax increases to the middle and lower classes in order to squeeze to get money for the treasury .

At his failure and that Spain view more sooner or later be redeemed, whatever it says the Spanish right, CIU has embarked on a legitimate independence adventure that has taken him to call elections the 25N presented a program that depends on independence to gain votes, which comes at a time when we are seeing citizens stunned as our national sovereignty has been put up for sale by a few billion euros without even can decide whether we accept it or not, a few euros Acosta will pay the casualization of public health, public expense of education, or jubilándonos later to end the rich and powerful do not pay the piper of credit, a credit to pay our children and grandchildren and that having become more precarious public services and an uncertain future unless you belong to the upper classes, the benefit of the debt of the greed of a few who will remain and live as privileged, which is why I find it absurd to speak independence when the Lord most of CIU proposes is nothing that independence from Spain to stop the hands of speculators European Union, a parliament by which I do not feel represented and that is all that serves to carry asphyxia citizen.

That's why I am convinced that the bet of Mas for independence being as legitimate and in no nonsense, is useless because ultimately end up in the hands of "Troika" and welfare will be for the elite while the bill will for citizens of Catalonia, because think one thing Catalan independence, independence with a bill be paid by someone and I see the wealthy classes Catalan very willing to foot the bill for free, nor see the EU make money investing in that longed independent Catalonia at 0 cost, will ultimately pay the usual and I include myself because first of all I am Catalan, I live in Catalonia and fails to do it even more independent.

Antonio Garcia Leal ®

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http://tatarlak.blogspot.com.es/

FEDERALISM A VIABLE ALTERNATIVE

Seen from the perspective of interested foreign and inner part of the Catalan elections will 25N citizens from the crossroads of vote to stay in Spain voting españolistas parties Catalan parliamentary spectrum, or vote for the bet advocating independence Catalan right, some left-wing parties and pro-independence parties of the camera.

Amid that crossroads where voters are Catalan PSC is defending the federalist model, as the evolution of the autonomous model exhausted, but what is federalism, which is defending the asymmetry? are issues that many voters question, and I wonder why in these peak times in that part of the Catalan parties defend the Catalan nation building the dream cherished by so many important idealistic past, we turn to the socialist defend federalism is an idea that sounds strange insipidus in a country where the head of state is a king. In this article I will tell you what I think is the federalism question answering.

What is federalism

Federalism applied to a country where words of enlightened citizens in this area is "negotiation and agreement" is the negotiation between free citizens who reach a pact and coexistence within a distinct territorial framework, "is citizenship" because are citizens representing citizens who negotiated the pact, which leads me to the conclusion, even when I was a layman in this complex matter, federalism, is the individual right of a group to decide, by negotiating the legal framework for all nature where they want and how they want to live several different territories.

Defending federalism

Federalism defends something as simple as creating rules that allow the coexistence coexistence, is applied to Spain among others, the deployment of the statutes of autonomy so that the regions can not see their powers invaded by the central government intrusion; eliminating duplication in administration because it makes no sense that the powers trasferidas have a counterpart in the central government, reforming the Senate so that this becomes a

true organ of communication between the central government and the autonomous regions, and in my view ultimately defends the uniqueness that makes each town in Spain within a framework of democratic agreed by all.

Asymmetry

Asymmetry in this context is the uniqueness of each town, perhaps in Spain in which we live is not there areas that have more than one official language?, Does have all territories sea? Is there no regions that are islands while others are autonomous cities?, For that is, territorial asymmetry makes different territories may have different powers, then defends asymmetrical federalism as simple as the uniqueness of each village and its consequences on competition.

Because I consider it feasible

As Republican federalism see in the sociopolitical context in which can eventually be broken this Spain, to the proclamation of the Third Republic, a republic of free citizens Executed town where coexistence rules fairly and fully, and is fair and fair society that we live in progressing towards abolition of the institution of monarchy anachronism, something incompatible with a progressive society, because if federalism is negotiating citizenship pact and obviously we have to be able to see that no citizen has to be above the other so I consider viable federalism from the perspective of an avowed republican, because it drives as simple and comprehensive as the construction of a country of the people, by the people and for the people from the base of democracy.

This is my idea of ​​what is asymmetrical federalism and these are my reasons to support it, I have more, but all stem from the fundamental principle of federalism is that the negotiation and agreement of free citizens in freedom and therefore I support.

"The dialectic confrontation is part of the essence

of democracy is and should be the basis on

 which underpin federalism "

Antonio Garcia Leal ®

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http://tatarlak.blogspot.com.es/

SILENCE IS NOT MY COMPLICE

The policy of cuts carried out by the Spanish government, led by Mariano Rajoy, has a counterpoint in cases like Bankia, where the state will enter EUR 23.5 billion to clean up the accounts of a private entity.

The consolidation of this entity, far from being the tunnel exit of the crisis in which we live for years, pushing us deeper and deeper into it, since his rescue shoots our risk premium rather than pay our children and grandchildren, and hampers public accounts to support the policy of the Spanish right cuts in economic terms as saying  el país diary in an article by Alvaro Romero told us that 23.5 billion euros account for public funds:

1. Twice the snip to health and education
2. Half of the cuts and tax increases of 2012
3. More than worth all the banks in the stock market median
4. Four years of all that is spent on research
5. 80% of the debt bill


This policy of cuts, our government takes the citizen, the repayment in health care, public education of poor quality, lack of funds, a cut in social services, or payment for drugs by retirees and many others measures and all this is done by requiring citizens to understand the delicate situation in the country.


Why citizens must understand that banks have made a bad management and we have to pay everyone?, When will the banks not handing out benefits earned millions for the people?, Why those who have bankrupted the entities accountable to the masses, if the economic burden that generated it will pay all our taxes?, why education, or health of my offspring has to lose quality or must cease to be free to pay for the greed of investment bankers and populist politicians useless?

I do not vote for you to wash them with my taxes the dirt to the inept who have led the savings or who have squandered public money, and if they do it because you believe in that right and they feel entitled, they I demand that through this document, which is called to account, to tell us they've done with the money and pay their fortunes billionaire hole they have created and that is draining our public coffers, I demand that politicians, trade unionists, clergy, and plugged into all sorts of savings banks accountable to a parliamentary committee to be created expressly for defining responsibilities and that all who have sunk the savings banks, the managers return millions in pensions that have been as bad management has to be consequences can not be a bad manager and sink to an entity that drag a country without consequences, then a citizen to lose everything to stay unemployed and look up chained for life to a mortgage .

Do not forget that:

"Popular sovereignty is transferred not, popular sovereignty is delegated"

And therefore what they do in Congress do for the people, by the people and for the people.

Antonio Garcia Leal ®
https://www.facebook.com/tatarlak
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PUBLIC MONEY

Graffiti says, “ there is no victory without struggle”

Public money pays schools, highways or operating rooms, the money coming out of our pockets and holding the sociopolitical system in which we live, that money that once regardless of the peseta and euro is now called, part of which serves to fill the coffers of the European Central Bank is being used by the state on one hand to save the banks from their desire for excessive greed, and its obvious futility to big business, while this happens, the worker, the average citizen, the national or immigrant workers, the unemployed, the young student, or old, come as health is cut or have to pay more for drugs, as in their education spend less money and access rates rise, we said to have to pay more taxes to support a welfare state cut, said in the language of the people, we charge more for a worse service, and while we do that, the wage decreases alluding to the crisis and thereby suffocating the mass, and ultimately the citizen observes helplessly as the welfare state is collapsed by the leadership that justify saying no money to save it.

In a story we read that the government would cut 10,000 in health 

and education, and the other reads a bank will 

receive 10,000 million

There is money to save the banks, no money, to go hunting, there's money to support a political system full of nooks and wasteful spending and money for large peaks for years have not served more than to sink into poverty to citizens, some peaks filled with men and women of rank and prestige, now discredited, who took the reins of the system to its decline, which yesterday were unable to see the collapse of this, today we say they have the solution, and that solution is simply that we have to tighten the belt until he lost consciousness, so that some accounts may still have dreams and lives of millions, so that the caviar and champagne to keep flowing between men and women of rank and power, We are asked to voluntarily renouncing involucionemos legacy of our parents and grandparents, giving so many fought so long and so few came to give his life, asks us to give us progress as a society for the benefit of all, since We offer nothing in return, since there is a roof or curb cut, there is no roadmap nor a preconceived plan that we have shown, so that citizens know first hand when he got the start and end of the tunnel see the light of trust and ask us to do exactly the opposite of what they said they would do.


So looking back and looking at the legacy that my parents let me see a society that actively and democratically fight against a system that stole their rights, I see a society of men and women who sacrificed themselves to change things, and that succeeded in building a progressive society and progress that is now under construction, we take your witness and continue working with the chisel to polish the diamond in the rough that we have and that is called democracy, we have to do for those who did before, for those who gave their lives for it, and above all, to leave a solid legacy for our children for theirs is the future and ours is the present to build a better future in a democratic manner by all for all and for all.


"What monstrous, is to tell your
son tomorrow that did nothing to

change things and that you let

others destroy as built "

INTERNATIONAL DAY OF PRESS FREEDOM

Today May 3 is celebrated on global press freedom, Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states:

"Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression: this right includes freedomto hold opinions without interference and to seek their opinions, receive and impartinformation and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers, by any means ofexpression. "

On the right, freely exercised to inform the public so far this year according to ReportersWithout Borders have 21 journalists killed during the past decade 733.
 

"On the freedom of the press lies one of the

pillars of freedom in modern societies"

Antonio Garcia Leal ®

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https://twitter.com/#!/tatarlak

PARTY BE TAKEN

On July 2, 1855, a handful of free men, tired of being exploited by employers in the city of Barcelona started the first general strike in the history of Spain. This lasted 11 days and made to order some more dignified working conditions. Now most of the workers only care about sports and summer vacation and those who are a little more conscious care about the salary, well it's time for that to change, our obligation is to make that change we need strive to improve our conditions, our great grandparents did to improve their working conditions, our grandparents fought for the freedoms that brought the Second Republic. And our parents began the longest strike since the end of the Civil War November 11, 1975 at a factory in Cornella for a wrongful termination.

Now if any of the workers in 1855 to raise his head and see what we have, be surprised to see how little we have improved, because although we have some rights that far exceed what they had, it is also true that if gentrified and we continue to the end without worrying again working conditions for 150 years, or as he saw Fritz Lang in his 1926 film Metropolis, where the workers live world of the future to meet the needs of the ruling class and their will to fight has succumbed. So we have to pick up the baton and start fighting for our rights the same way as our ancestors did, with the same faith and strength united by a single ideal, that of improving our working conditions, of theadvancement of our society towards a more just and equal, so we have to become more involved, afiliándonos unions, giving our opinion about things that affect us, we think that politicians in the distance watching us and sometimes they are too worried thinking of coming to power or maintain it.

So for now we must fight our force structuring by receiving the unions, take the helm of these and start to fight for the reconciliation of family life with working life, for decent wages and proportionate to the costs of life, we must fight so hard against offshoring front because that only leads to cheap labor, which ultimately means labor exploitation in other countries where freedoms are far from satisfactory. We must curb industrial accidents by raising awareness among workers and employers ultimately must begin to make decisions that caviar future prospects of our society that future begins today now.

I will conclude this by saying that all is not lost and that nothing is gained, it is not standing still watching what others do, it is involved, it is joining forces to bring in one direction and above all about thinking that the July 2, 1855 strike began that did not get anything but set a precedent demanded planted a seed that grew slowly in the interior of each worker and that seed now have the great tree of association that we shelters with their strong and leafy branches. But for that we must continue to keep watering it and never leave us unprotected.


Antonio Garcia Leal ®
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TERVENTION AGAINST NATIONALISM

The Spain Charles I inherited in 1516 was a prosperous and Spain rich possibilities, those that the Spanish monarch in Spain were found simple but sensible men, who were not willing to accept the imposition of an alien who was however legitimized this, to change the balance of the kingdom, that Spain was the Spain of the purple sash that rose against the king, who faded in the sun became purple and dyed the banner Republican in 1931, was the Spain of illustrious men who led the country by epic moments of men and women who were faced to power the Spain that nation of nations built from the union of several kingdoms now united under the yoke of vertebrate crown through the 1978 constitution, is a country composed and complex directed by its multiplicity of historical nationalities, languages ​​and dialects enrich our culture with its characteristic sounds and customs of each of its corners that make this land a plural country and different.

So today thinking about the abyss that exposed the country, in the absence of policies to get us out of this predicament I wonder how its citizens react, if Spain is operated by the EU?, Will you accept the nationalists of any sign campaigns in Spain, the imposition of an alien came from Flanders? It's hard to think will happen in a country so divided, where the central government policies fed the independence movement, a country that lacks a clear roadmap for ending the crisis, but if you have a clear responsibility in the words of Minister finance are the autonomous communities, which is why in my opinion, the day that Spain are seized the country born of the union of the Catholic kings began to crumble because not everyone will be willing to foot the bill for a Spain that has neglected to nationalism by imposing his own blood and fire too often a Spain that has been built from the center of an idea that retrograde and largely ineffective has led to this disaster.

Antonio Garcia Leal ®

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TALKING BOOKS PHRASES

"Wherever they burn books, they end up burning men"

Heinrich Heine (1797-1856)

"To travel far, there is no better ship than a book"

Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)

"A beautiful book is a victory won in all the battlefields of human thought"

Honoré de Balzac (1799-1850)


"No two people read the same book"

Edmund Wilson (1895-1972)

IMPROVISING TO EXIT THE CRISIS

At the time when Mariano Rajoy was in opposition, said ad nauseam that the PSOE improvised measures to get us out of the crisis and now a week later to make the presentation of the general budget of the state, something that came calling for the EUfrom the month of January to the Spanish government, mean Easter, the executive led by Rajoy has occurred through a press statement that affects a further cut in health and education estimated at 10,000 million Euros.

This new cut that the Spanish right, justifies referring to it is a measure that aims to streamline some aspects of expenditure in these areas and that far from being a cut, is a cost saving measure, collides head-on with the current system because the competence in health and education are decentralized, and any cutting measure, savings, or whatever name it, you must have the consensus of those who have the skills, that in this area are the regions, except measures envisaged in order to rationalize the unnecessary parts of the health infrastructure or education, which are the responsibility of central government and which have a role in government duplicity.

Faced with this new and improvised budgetary adjustment would be nice to know if Mariano Rajoy sure what direction to take to get us out of the crisis, because as far to appease the markets and confidence, appears to have taken the road diametrically opposed, as the raw risk continues to rise to record highs and that Spain has become the epicenter of another earthquake for the Eurozone and while that happens in the markets in Spain vaguely announced that they will translate the new settings, while ministers and heads visible on the right new release balloons on the health repayment, depending on income rather than the end we had just affecting everyone, because in the eyes of the Spanish right, we have to pay for services rendered by the state as citizensNordic countries, while wages and working conditions are closer to third world countries.

Although one could point out that the great problem of Spain is not only not have a growth model and prosperous future for the country, or that the measures being taken by the executive right fit and cut are not used to generate employment, or even less for these measures ultimately generate the growth needed for Spain generate investor confidence, the real problem is that Spain is in a club called the EU to which it belongs, which lacks a comprehensive strategy to get us out of the crisis , that the EU currency, the Euro, we are planting a pulse to impose its hegemony dollar in the markets and to do no supranational control bodies, called "Raiting Agencies" or quietan giving confidence in the markets , the bonds of countries, and the last and in my view, perhaps the main, is that the best way to attack the EU economically through its weakest link and that link is now Spain if we are rescued, the EU vera sunk his confidence in the markets and the European project will founder.

So in my opinion and since I am a layman in such a complex matter, I believe the EU does not put forward a real plan of all countries, all countries for all euro area countries, which aim to us out of the crisis at all, continue on the wrong track because we are linked economically, but politically the pair are separated and that takes us away from a one-way vision of the problem and finding a comprehensive solution.

Antonio Garcia Leal ®

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AUTHOR QUOTES

"I think there will come a time when the ruins
of corruption will rise the splendid morning
emancipated world, free from all evils,
of all monstrous anachronisms of our
time and our outmoded institutions "

Samuel Fielden

COUNTRY SPAIN AMNESTIES

Much has happened since Miguel Boyer in 1984 with the first tax amnesty decreed in democratic Spain, its purpose, get put in the box from the public purse some of the millions that the wealthy classes, once the leaders had escaped the control of the estatepublic, which in those days, in which the Spanish banks in banking secrecy still existed, or when there was no VAT (value added tax), this amnesty was a slight push of black money to the battered chests, by buying Treasury promissory notes in a tax, in addition to providing the acquirer of anonymity, something unthinkable today if you look coolly, but pardonable, if you consider that there are many things in those days like today, were and remain well bound, although this would not be the last time a socialist government would declare an amnesty, as in 1991 when he was finance minister Carlos Solchaga, offered to redeem their money fraudster black, by promissory notes denominated treasury, public debt, especially with an interest rate below market, in any case these measures filled the expectations.

The next time and the last in which a socialist government would raise this possibility, it was in 2010, at the height of the economic crisis and two years ahead of the elections, to a brutal lack of liquidity, this time with Zapatero head of the executive, raise it meant that the then opposition leader Mariano Rajoy tachase of occurrence and Maria Dolores de Cospedal, now general secretary of the popular party, the measurement tachase antisocial.

After the brief history of tax amnesties in Spain, to paraphrase Mr. Rajoy the tachare of occurrences, the first things I ask myself is, is it ethical and moral in a time of cuts amnesty to tax fraudster?, I think not, since they will benefit from this amnesty, has been uncooperative with the other citizens, has benefited from the services we provided the state that has disappointed and probably belong to the wealthy classes of this country, and this seen from my perspective, as a simple taxpayer who is exposed to an error on your statement will pose a huge fine for my microeconomics, is not acceptable to me taught me that stealing has consequences and the state has to be there to enforce thelaw.

I also wonder what has changed so that the occurrences of Zapatero, measures are now bright?, In my opinion the only thing that has changed is the political color of government, before ruling on the left, and now rules the right, a right demagogic and hypocrite who has a speech and lacking changing goals we undoubtedly will lead to nowhere, a government that in the words of finance minister emphasizes that the first is the deficit, the second is the deficit, and the third is the deficit, forgetting that this country is made up of flesh and blood people form with their daily work, the GDP of this country.

But worst of all, the occurrence of the government to raise between fraudsters, who will collect an estimated 2.5 billion euros, forecasts very positive if you consider that you can not encrypt the intention of the fraudster, as can we know with certainty that the money will emerge?, in my opinion and not venture your opinion means to me, like buying a lottery ticket and hope that tap to pay the mortgage next month.

However emerge before the millions of black money to the executive Rajoy problems arise to carry out its announced tax amnesty, as the Basque Country and Navarre have already said they will not apply saying something obvious, which has to do is chase the fraudster.

To conclude that I am not in favor with the tax amnesty because I consider unjust and unjustifiable in economic crisis, in which the majority must tighten their belts, the fraudster paying 10% to go scot-free with money has defrauded the public finances, it is educational and useful for citizens allow tax fraud and there is less to amnesties that serve to maintain the status of life of people who say they are the wealthy classes of this country.

Antonio Garcia Leal ®

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THE SOLUTION WILL BECOME THE PROBLEM

The state budgets # PGE, leave us a whole string of cuts which together account for 27 billion euros, a synthesis of these cuts leave a scenario where not free any citizen outreach public service, reducing healthcare 6.8 % Social spending was 4.3%, Education 21.9%, 15.1% Cultural, Environment 31.2%.
This steady reduction in public spending, aims to reduce the budget deficit to 5.3% EU taxation and markets for Spain not intervened, these measures, taken together success can kill us, because if Although Spain may end up meeting these deficit targets, the contraction in public spending will generate unemployment, offset by reforming the labor market predicts that the government itself does not create jobs and leaving unshielded the working class of this country for good and evil is what sustains the whole system, plus the apparent lack of liquidity among small and medium enterprises that largely prevent the creation and support of employment, a lack of liquidity that banks can not resolve the injections of money selling EU compared to 1% to 5% to the administration to provide liquidity to Royal Decree-Law 4/2012 which will be used by the local government pay their suppliers and that in turn will help providers indebted banks pay for this, which only makes banks a windfall, generates the ideal breeding ground for the whole package that straitjacket our public expenditure policy and the measures to reform the labor market does not serve at all to get us out of the crisis, but rather to keep Spain in the crisis for longer.

So we should ask where is the magic wand wielding Mariano Rajoy when he was in opposition, and claimed to be the solution to bring the crisis to Spain? In campaign promise to be the only reliable alternative to pull the country out of crisis, Now with his measures after 100 days in office is leading the Spanish locomotive without lights through that tunnel in which we got greedy bankers and inept politicians who failed to manage the wealth that generated the housing bubble, and we failed to invest that money to build the foundations of future economic growth of this country and those powders come sludge.

The course taken by many bodies Rajoy politicians leave in their wake, and several generations of citizens living dead.

Antonio Garcia Leal ®
https://www.facebook.com/tatarlak
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THE MAKESHIFT OCCURRENCES OF DON MARIANO

The disaster is served, in the form of budget, more social cuts, corporate tax increase, and last but not least the brilliant "occurrence" of the executive led by Rajoy, tax amnesty for fraudsters.

This is the way out of economic crisis, we mark the executive, supplemented by a labor reform that does not create jobs in 2012, which is forecast this year to increase by 630,000 more unemployed, that leaves workers unprotected against employers, which seems more than satisfied with this reform and now openly pit the reform of the law to strike to finish demolishing the rights of workers, a royal decree to provide liquidity to local authorities endowed with 35,000 million, serves that while providers charge administration, although the first charge will be willing to grant amnesty to the administrations of the debt, is starting against the government into debt with the banks receiving loans at 5% interest while you get the money from the ECB at 1%.

While all this happens in less than 100 days of the Popular Party and mediated a general strike by the complete lack of dialogue between the unions and the government's plan for tax fraud not submit it until after Easter, and financial market reform, partly responsible for this economic crisis by their overweening greed do not hear, neither tells us what happened to hundreds of thousands of small investors who purchased the preferred options of the same banks that receive money from ECB 1% and sells it to local governments to 5%, a bank than to buy bankrupt entities receive 900 million euros of public funds, a bank that has not stopped ever make a profit and announced with great fanfare .

And the city government gets translated into a strong slap more taxes, cut public services and lower quality, but at a higher price, and no medium-term solution to end the crisis.

To top it all off corruption scandals continue monopolizing the media, the case Urdangarin, Matas case, the plot Gürtel or if you show the decay of the system and show us a really hard to take, our coffers are empty, and a few pockets are full, to counter this corruption, the transparency law, a vague idea to curb the disastrous management that has led us to this disaster to make it closer to the citizen, is subject to the suggestions of this through a website - I did the mine the following this link you can see - or code of ethics to force banks to accept in cases of extreme misery to payment in kind, as the fighting platform evictions considered insufficient.

I would like to close this article by saying that I find it regrettable executive hypocrisy of Mr. Rajoy, who in 2010 had no doubt that the amnesty proposed by the Zapatero government, "it was an occurrence" or the lady of the crossed out Cospedal "measure antisocial" and now poses as a brilliant idea to get us out of the crisis, that's just us two years private income which could at least have helped the public coffers were fuller, with its grim attitude in the opposition have led to this disaster and are as responsible for this situation, as are the governors, so the worst of all this absurdity of measures is that down the road to all that will serve is to make the poor poorer and the rich richer, for the small saver preferred options for the fraudster great tax break.


 "This is not to societies in which we
all equal, let alone, to destroy what
built to create something different,
it is simply to create a society
where we are all equal;
as we balance the scales "


Antonio Garcia Leal ®
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BICENTENNIAL OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE COURTS OF CADIZ 1812 - 2012

"The first step that tyrants have always
to enslave the people is the prohibition of writing
and speaking in order to achieve by this means that the
men did not have a language contrary to their ideas
tyrannical and ambitious, more precisely in this way
to be rather frank and educated citizens,
slaves hypocritical and stupid. "

Álvaro Flórez Estrada

(Reflexiones sobre la libertad de imprenta, 1810)

BATTLE OF THE EBRO

The Battle of the Ebro (Spanish: Batalla del Ebro, Catalan: Batalla de l'Ebre) was the longest and bloodiest battle of the Spanish Civil War. It took place between July and November 1938, with fighting mainly concentrated in two areas on the lower course of the Ebro River, the Terra Alta comarca of Catalonia, and the Auts area close to Fayón (Faió) in the lower Matarranya, Eastern Lower Aragon. These sparsely-populated areas saw the largest array of armies in the Civil War. The results of the battle were disastrous for the Second Spanish Republic with tens of thousands of dead and wounded, with little effect on the relentless advance of the Nationalists.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ebro

http://www.batallaebre.org/cast/ci_115dies.php  

Museo de la batalla del Ebro

Ver Museo de la batalla del Ebro en un mapa más grande

Antonio Garcia Leal ®

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BICENTENNIAL OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE COURTS OF CADIZ

The constitution that the courts of Cádiz promulgated on March 19, 1812, led to the enlightened society of the era who embodied Jovellanos, Saavedra, Cabarrus, Melendez Luis de Urquijo to a new state political liberalism, which would serve to political axis savior of absolutist doctrines governing the Bourbon Spain at that time.

That declining imperial Spain, invaded legally by the Treaty of Fontenebleu and delivered to the emperor in the abdication of Bayonne, was lack of a king, but not notable citizens, willing to write in his name a constitution that would endow the Spanish from both hemispheres something as simple yet necessary for the progress of society, that they give itself, a fair legal framework on building prosperity and thus the prosperity of the kingdom, this legal framework was the constitution of the Cortes of Cadiz 1812, a constitution within the range of thought of the time, stated in Article 1 that the Spanish nation is the gathering of the Spanish people of both hemispheres, and in its Article 3 he gave to the nation, only the right to establish fundamental laws, this release is that sovereignty rests with the people and although Article 14 provides that the form of government is a hereditary monarchy moderate, Articles 15, 16, 17 implemented the necessary separation of powers so that the society of the time needed to progress.

Article 14. The Government of the Spanish nation is a moderate monarchy hereditary.

Article 15. The power of making laws resides in the Cortes with the King.

Article 16. The power of executing laws resides in the King.

Article 17. The power to enforce laws on the causes lies in civil and criminal courts established by law.

The legal framework created by the constitution of 1812, gives civil society of the time a fairly solid base on which to base the creation of a society, fairer, freer and more democratic, and that it shows in the Title 3, which deals with the issue of election of deputies, they shall be elected by universal male suffrage established in Articles 88 and 89, but does not advance the rights of women, something that did not happen or Spain, or in other parts of the period until 1838 in Pitcairn are the Republicans would endow 119 years after the woman's right to vote in Spain in the constitution of 1931

Article 88. Will proceed at once by voters who are present at the election of the Deputy or Deputies, and shall be selected one by one, approaching the table where he is the president, the scrutineers and the secretary, and he writes in a list, to their presence, the name of the person who everyone chooses. The secretary and the scrutineers will be the first to vote.


Article 89. After the vote, the president, secretary and tellers will make the regulation of the vote and will elect the one that has met at least half the votes plus one. If no one should have an absolute majority of votes, the two who have had the largest number come in second ballot, and shall be elected who meet plurality. In case of an equality of fortune, and made the choice of each, the President issued.

The figure of the king is free of liability and is inviolable, and so on artículo168 reads:

Article 168. The King's person is sacred and inviolable, and not subject to liability.


But the privileges, powers and restrictions of the King, are reflected in Articles 170, 171, 172, where although Articles 170 and 171 give the King among others, the power to issue decrees, regulations and instructions; declare war, or make and ratify the peace, to appoint the judges of all civil and criminal courts, armies and navies send or appoint generals, Article 172 submits to the authority of the courts stating that the king can not, under any excuse holding the courts, where the sovereignty of the nation can not leave the kingdom, abdicate, create alliances, sign treaties levy taxes, grant privileges to entities or persons, deprived of his property, detain or impose penalties or so if you want to marry without the consent of the courts.

With the exception of Article 168, which gives the king of the inviolability and to relieve them of responsibility, the monarch was reduced to represent the country, something very similar to the current situation of the monarchy in Spain and has a sticker Article 168 in Article 56 paragraph 3 of the 1978 constitution. The oath which binds the king with the 1812 constitution implies to preserve and defend the Catholic religion not to alienate, assign or dismember any part of the kingdom, and not requiring any amount of money ever except that the courts had decreed for person. Being all written in Article 173.

The different ministries that make up the government are set out in Articles 222 to 230 through the clerks office, which exercised the king's ministers, but are accountable to the courts.

The creation of the State Council, made up of 40 individuals from all social strata from which they must have, 4 and 4 large church of Spain, who have distinguished for his learning and knowledge, will be chosen by the king to proposal the courts, has the function of advising the king on the serious issues asolen the nation.

With respect to the courts and justice, Title V of the constitution of the Cortes of Cadiz addresses a profound democratic reform and justice, sheltering in Chapter I the much needed separation of powers in Article 242, which in its wording makes clear that the responsibility of enforcing laws, belongs exclusively to the courts, in Chapter II, Article 280 establishes the right to all citizens without distinction, to go to court to settle their differences.

The main aspects of Chapter III, have a clearly marked goal of eradicating the Spanish justice, the system used by the Inquisition to dispense justice, Section 303 prohibits the Torment, who had given so many false confessions to the inquisitors; the 300 requires that within 24 hours to manifest, the treaty as the cause of prison inmate and the name of his accuser and the 301 will be given the information specified in Article 300, which is opposed to the inquisitorial system that did not indicate the defendant or the reason for the arrest or who accused him.

Articles 304 and 305 prevent the confiscation of property, which the Inquisition to the inmate for defrayed the cost of staying in jail, ends the defendant is guilty or innocent, or that the penalties imposed on a person transcend the rest of the family.

Chapter IX in regulating public instruction, Articles 366 and 367 provide for the creation of primary schools, which teach children to read, write and count, create universities, 370 public education becomes in free and which gives the courts the creation of plans and special statutes to cover the amount.

Section 366. In all the peoples of the monarchy be established primary schools, which will teach children to read, write and count, and the Catechism of the Catholic religion, which shall include a brief statement of civil obligations.

Finally, the Article 371, gives the Spanish freedom to write, print and publish their ideas without a license, review or approval, prior to publication, thus eliminating the censorship, which for centuries had practiced inquisition, to control the ideas in Spain, with the approval of the crown accomplice, celebrities are the indexes of books prohibited by the Holy Office.

But the constitution of the courts of Cádiz not address religious freedom as one of the pillars on which to build democracy in Spain, perhaps because ¾ of the members belonged to the clergy, and this made it difficult to carry out a draft constitution covering this freedom, winch also noted that the society of the time was deeply Christianized by centuries of Catholic indoctrination, even so, it created conflicts between the clergy and the civil power emanating from the constitution because of the early intervention of the civil power on the priest, Pedro de Quevedo Bishop of Ourense and board member of the supreme board, refused to sign the constitution, which is a highlight, as is the first confrontation between the civil and clergy, in the history of Spain This battle cost the courts decided to deport him.

Abolition of the Inquisition was hard and heated debates in the chamber, but in the end January 5, 1813 Cadiz courts abolished. But after the return of Fernando VII in 1814 the Inquisition was restored, its abolition was held by royal decree on April 17, 1834, with Queen Elizabeth II daughter of Ferdinand VII, but being ruled Spain Maria Cristina of Bourbon-TwoSicilies; as regent.

Article 12 establishes in perpetuity the Catholic, Apostolic, Roman and throughout the text mix religion with civil life, even in the election processes of public office, so do the teaching, in Article 366 which states that, "was taught to read, write and count, and the Catechism of the Catholic religion."

But not only some sectors of the church were against the constitution, also had detractors among the defenders of absolutism, who wanted a return to Spain of Ferdinand VII. The absolute, freedom of the press used to accuse liberals of bringing more extreme ideas of the French Revolution in Spain, these irreconcilable differences led to the chamber labeled fragment into two sides, the absolutist and the Liberals, the first defending the back to the old regime, a society in which clergy and nobility were privileged classes were led by the King who was the senior figure in front of these were the liberals who wanted to impose a political partner fairer, more just and more democratic.


On December 11, 1813, by Fernando VII Valençay treaty was recognized as king of Spain by Napoleon Bonaparte, although the treaty was not ratified by the regency, the courts expected the king to swear allegiance to the constitution of 1812 that they could recognize his authority.

Fernando VII,  entered Spain in Valencia on 16 April 1814, there met with a representative of Regency expected to swear to the constitution, and a representative absolutist with a document of Persia The manifesto, signed by 69 deputies absolutist, which Cadiz courts rejected the April 17 General Francisco Javier Elio, put his troops at the disposal of the monarch to regain power, was enacted on May 4 by a royal decree which declared null and void the decrees of the courts of Cadiz, which was dissolved on May 10.

Its dissolution, would seat the old regime and the crown of Ferdinand VII, on a fragile foundation, which over the years not only were crumbling, but in the end broke triggering, military coups, the Carlist wars or the proclamation of the first and second Republic among other historical events that shook the history and people of the country, all these events although it would seem that are unrelated to each other, has a thin but visual thread, that is, without doubt, the lack of future expectations Spanish people so miserable greed and unbridled power of some characters.

Spain who had a golden opportunity to end the nineteenth century as a parliamentary monarchy, developing that constitution which may well be the starting point to build a new Spain of all by all and for all, a theme only briefly see the light in 1931 with the proclamation of the second republic, but that would be drowned in blood the April 1, 1939 with the victory of the coup led by General Franco, who imposed a criminal dictatorship that lasted 40 years.Today we are still building our future and developing the 1978 Constitution, a constitution of all by all and for all, democratically, we have to finish a good tool to cement our democracy, only requires touch-ups and dyes that each want to put within the framework of democracy and freedom.

"200 anniversary of the establishment of courts of Cadiz
By and for those who fought died and went in the name of freedom and democracy in Spain "

I, republican
Castilian version of the article




Antonio Garcia Leal ®
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